On 31 May, 91% of unsecured creditors approved Carluccio’s CVA, and the following day Mothercare’s creditors followed suit. Next in line according to recent reports are House of Fraser and Homebase, following the latter’s acquisition for £1 by retail restructuring specialists Hilco.
Outside of formal processes, M&S announced the proposed closure of 100 stores over four years, and it is reported that Next is now seeking agreement with landlords that any CVA-related rent reduction for a neighbour automatically triggers a rent reduction for them.
The most recent BRC KPMG Retail Sales Monitor from 5 June 2018 reported: “Over the three months to May, in-store sales of non-food items declined 3.0% on a total basis and 4.1% on a like-for-like basis”. Meanwhile, in the wider economy, the number of insolvencies in Q1 of 2018 reached the highest level since Q1 2014, with CVAs up 18.6% on the same quarter last year.
Whilst unseasonal spring snows have been blamed by some for the drop in sales, this does not explain the raft of high street casualties in the last year. There are many other long-standing issues that retail and casual dining chains are faced with, such as changes in consumer taste and squeezed disposable incomes, rising overheads, fierce competition and historic debt and bloated property portfolios.
These common factors have contributed to some of our most well-known retail and casual dining chains, such as New Look, Poundworld, Carpetright, Prezzo, Jamie’s Italian and Byron Burger (in addition to those mentioned above), having had no alternative but to enter into a restructuring process to avoid the fate of erstwhile stalwarts such as Toys R Us, Woolworths and BHS.
The hope is that CVAs will right-size key players, making them leaner and fitter for the 21st century, with many years of successful trading to come.
What is a Company Voluntary Agreement?
A CVA is a form of arrangement which allows a company in difficulty to reach an agreement with its creditors for the repayment of all or part of its debts over an agreed period. It allows the company to continue to trade within the terms of the CVA, but with the threat of administration or liquidation should those terms not be complied with. T
he company’s performance of the CVA is monitored by an Insolvency Practitioner (IP), but, unlike other Insolvency Act procedures, control of the company remains with its directors.
The approval of a CVA (or any modifications to it) by a company’s creditors requires a vote in favour by at least 75% (by value) of the creditors (including 50% of unconnected creditors) who vote on it. If these thresholds are met, then all creditors are bound by the CVA’s terms.
How successful are they?
Compromising landlords or creditors in a CVA can be a very useful tool for a company in difficulty, and can rescue otherwise healthy companies burdened by historic liabilities. However, this will not be sufficient where problems are caused by structural issues or wider market trends.
Retailers such as JJB Sports and Blacks Leisure previously entered into CVAs which were unsuccessful, with both businesses subsequently entering administration. The PRG Powerhouse CVA was successfully challenged by landlords who had lost rights under guarantees as part of its terms.
More recently, BHS had a CVA approved in March 2016, only to enter administration a month later. Toys R Us then had its CVA approved in December 2017, but by the end of February, the CVA had failed and it entered administration.
These cases could lead to a cynical view of the prospects of retail CVAs. However, the recent CVAs referred to above have generally been approved with almost universal non-landlord creditor support. Having said that, Toys R Us was very close to having its CVA rejected in December as The Pension Protection Fund (PPF) was unwilling to support the CVA without a further cash injection.
The PPF went so far as to announce its intention to vote against the CVA. Given the size of the claims that the PPF can have, companies would be wise to secure PPF approval (where applicable) early in the process to avoid such brinksmanship.
Will they continue to pass?
Where trade creditors are unaffected and not compromised by the CVA, they are likely to vote through CVAs. This is particularly the case where the alternative is a “pence in the pound” administration or liquidation.
As we have seen from Toys R Us though, large involuntary creditors, such as the PPF (and often HMRC) hold enough of the unsecured debt to vote a CVA down. Those proposing a CVA need to be mindful of ensuring that these institutions are given sufficient comfort that their (actual or contingent) debts will be managed and reduced.
To date, landlords have largely remained on side and voted for the high profile CVAs. However, as the spate of retail CVAs shows no signs of abating, and more large store portfolios are jettisoned, there is a risk that landlords’ room for manoeuvre, and patience, may run out.
A reason why CVAs are continuing to be approved in the meantime, is that the alternatives are worse. While a CVA may not be successful in the long-term, it will generally produce a better result for creditors (even compromised landlords) than an immediate administration or liquidation.
There are hints that the tide may be turning already, with reports that some landlords of and lenders to House of Fraser are taking some convincing to support the department store’s CVA proposal. In addition, although the Mothercare CVA was approved, along with that of its Early Learning Centre subsidiary, it later emerged that following a recount, the CVA of its other subsidiary, Children’s World, narrowly failed to pass.
When considering whether to approve a CVA, their focus may be on the wider ramifications on the rent paid by their unconnected solvent tenants, rather than the merits of what may be a perfectly good and reasonable CVA proposal.
This would not bode well for the future use of this rescue process, and could prove fatal to otherwise viable restructurings. Early engagement with all stakeholders is therefore vital.
Tom Pringle is a partner, and Jennifer Bean an associate, at Womble Bond Dickinson
